The study of fertility dynamics has long sought to disentangle the drivers of changes in birth rates across time and space. One of the most significant advances in this area has been the identification of the so-called tempo effect of fertility, which highlights the role of changes in the timing of births in shaping observed fertility measures. First introduced systematically by demographer John Bongaarts in the late 1990s, the concept has reshaped how scholars interpret fluctuations in fertility rates, particularly in contexts of rapid demographic transition.
Read MoreFrom its origins, classical macroeconomic theory has rested heavily on Walrasian foundations—markets clearing through price adjustments and equilibrium emerging across interlinked markets. Post‑Walrasian Macroeconomics, however, represents a response to and departure from that orthodoxy, particularly the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model that came to dominate macroeconomic discourse at the end of the 20th century. Instead, it seeks to craft a richer, more nuanced understanding of real economies—one that embraces complexity, institutions, evolving expectations, and computational methods beyond the neat, equilibrium‑focused paradigm.
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